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Harassment and Bullying when using Email, SMS, Facebook in Workplace Research Paper

Badgering and Bullying when utilizing Email, SMS, Facebook in Workplace - Research Paper Example This investigation likewise indicates em...

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Sex trafficking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sex trafficking - Essay Example Human and sex trafficking are activities that occur almost everywhere; however, the majority do not realize their existence. In most cases, organized criminal syndicates lure the victims in the places where they found themselves, and afterwards provide them with some cheap employment under some threatening working conditions (Watanabe 01). In this way, they are being used to benefit other persons. The victims are usually placed in conspicuous sight where they are being abused in unnoticeable manner. That is, the public will never know that people they interact with are victims of either human trafficking or sex trafficking, but is will not be surprising to find them with bruises, lacerations, and cigarette burn among other marks on their legs, stomachs, and backs. Most of these victims work and sleep in brothel, restaurant, hotels or apartments, and the owner charges them levies for anything deemed he/she deems incorrect; thereby, crippling them and controlling them as they so wish. In most cases, the victims of sex trafficking are unable to escape their captors, since they have been mentally manipulated; they have the fear that if they or their family member or members shall be killed if they escape. Thus, to them escaping has never been an option (Bales 78). It worth stating that, people get too busy with their daily errands, and ever now little of the world around them, and with such busy states of life they can never realize that their some people who genuinely need to be helped, rather being removed from bondage of slavery (Kristof 01). In most instances where sex or human trafficking victims have reclaimed freedom, it is through some individuals who noticed and took an interest on something out of the obvious, then got involve, thereafter... Sex trafficking is usually promoted by high demand for sex, particular from young children. So the sex trafficking often affects the children. The sex trafficking for children seems to be too high that the captors need to keep their baskets full. They full maintain their supply through sex trafficking. As many kids are being trafficked for sex into the United States, is the same way the American kids find their ways out of the united states into other countries as victims of sex trafficking. Notably, the white, American kid is a vital commodity for sex outside the territories of the United States, especially where there is none. Statistically, there are about three hundred American kids who go missing every day, and if the media is not reporting about it, it does not mean it is not occurring. Therefore, the United States’ government with the help of other relevant organizations should help curb human and sex trafficking both into and outside the United States boarders. The United States government should adopt and effectively support the Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crimes. Additionally, the United Nations should effectively implement its protocols that suppress sexual exploitation and forced labor among other modern days forms of slavery. In this manner, the United States’ kids and kids from other continents and nations shall be free from human and sex trafficking.

Monday, October 28, 2019

Language Arts Essay Example for Free

Language Arts Essay This topic will provide students with an interactive method of learning numeracy, literacy, inquiry and responsibility within the environment in which we live (Rice Wilson, 1999). It gives ample leeway for creating lessons within the subject areas of Science, Mathematics, Language Arts, and Social Studies. Such a unit will make students aware of the place and role of trees in the environment. It will also enhance their knowledge of the structure and function of trees as living things. Students will also understand how humans depend on trees in the environment and also how the activities of humans have adversely affected the environment in the past. Finally, it will make students aware of how their individual actions toward trees can improve the state of the environment. Overall Expectations: 1. Students will learn how trees grow. 2. Students will learn the uses that humans have for trees. 3. Students will explore what humans and trees have in common. 4. Students will learn size and texture comparisons from parts of trees. 5. Students will learn how to count using tree limbs, leaves, and other tree parts. 6. Students will learn numeracy and estimation by exploring how many more limbs are possessed by one tree over another. 7. Students will learn vocabulary and how to construct sentences about trees. 8. Students will learn about forests and how they have been harmed by humans in the past Specific Expectations Integrated Science Students will be expected to make connections between trees and the things in their lives made from trees. They will be expected to be able to tell the facts about trees. Such prompts will be given to allow them to name such characteristics as size, colour, and the different parts of a tree that they are familiar with. Student will also be expected to learn observation and note-taking skills as part of the scientific process. Mathematics Students should be able to demonstrate their knowledge of counting objects and of the fact that one number represents on object via counting branches, leaves, and other parts of trees. They are also expected to be able to perform arithmetic operations of adding and subtracting using tree icons as computational tools. Students are also expected to learn (or reinforce knowledge of) descriptors such as larger, longer, bigger, taller, thinner, and other comparisons. Language Arts Students are expected to learn vocabulary connected with trees and to recognize them as sight words. They are expected to make connections between trees, their parts, animals and humans, and should be able to construct simple sentences that explain facts about them. Students should also be able to recognize and properly use comparative adjectives such as tall and taller, thin and thinner, long and longer, etc. Specific Expectations Students will be expected to be able to understand the interactions of humans and animals with trees. They should be able to name such things that they have seen in trees, such as birds nests and squirrels. They will then be expected to understand whether trees are alive or dead and required to say why they have answered in a specific way.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Essay --

Through out the years we have seen numerous changes and evolution in the theories that make up archaeology. Archaeology was initially seen as a type of history or a historical study it focused mainly on the explication of the past, as well as gathering data to set chronologies. However many archaeologists feel that archaeology should focus on the explanation of the past rather than the explication of it. The first transformation that was documented produced â€Å"Processual Archaeology† it evolved from the old historical and antiquarian ways. Processual Archaeology was developed as a science, but was still deemed as inadequate to archaeologists in the 1990's. Post processual archaeology is the result of the criticism that processual archaeology has faced. It emphasizes the subjectivity of archaeological interpretations. Processual archaeologists however believed heavily on the scientific method therefore the data the derived was almost always objective. There is an obvious clash between these two schools of thought, one being subjective the other being objective, it's no wonder why there is a discrepancy between concepts such as culture. This research paper aims to examine in detail, Lewis Binford and the processual method of culture construction and compare it with Ian Hodder and the post processual method. By doing so I expect to find a discrepancy between their concepts of culture and how but more importantly why this discrepancy exists. Processual archaeology attempts to treat archaeology as a science, we know this because the scientific method is used to make objective inferences about archaeological data. These "Processualists" believed that it was indeed possible to break past the limits of archaeological record, and actu... ...had social hierarchies and prestige. When comparing the ways in which post processual and processual archaeologists interpret artifacts we can see that post processual archaeologists make cultural inferences using their own interpretations. Processualists however try to explain cultural change through environmental adaptations thus making objective inferences. According to post processual archaeology environmental determinism is one of processual archaeology's weaknesses along with a lack of human agency. It is clear that these two schools of thought have a lot they disagree on, and have their own views of how culture is constructed. Processual archaeology has allowed Ian Hodder to develop what we know today as post processual archaeology. However, despite the differences among them one can agree that without one another archaeology would not be what it is today.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Decline in Reading Skills Among Students

A comparative study by the ministry of education shows a worrying downward trend in reading skills. This is evident from the dismal performance in reading skill test undertaken by the students. Furthermore, according to a comprehensive U. S. -wide study of reading skills by the National Endowment for the Arts. (2007). Americans reading a lot less: a study on reading skills. Retrieved from www. washingtonpost. com . in Washington draws on a variety of sources, public and private, and essentially reaches one conclusion; Americans read less more. Across other continents the same trend is worrying the governments. A look at the societal behavior and education trend would draw various reasons on the downward trend of reading skills. In nations where more than half the population lives below a dollar day, a focus on Africa and Asia, it gets difficult for students in such families to have easy access to reading materials. Poverty is a major factor reducing accessibility of reading materials to the less fortunate. Besdes not being able to access the reading materials, the students would rather spend much of the time trying to assist their family make ends meet by engaging cheap labor or attending to home chores while the parents engage in fending for them. In the long run the trend is passed on to the next generation and the families remain in this vicious cycle. A technological focus of the society shows a higher advance in social media with more of these technological advancement targeting the youth and young who have hit these markets with a bang. The students are more glued to these social media development which increases their networking levels. On the rise is also the rate at which these students have turned to visual media which takes much of their s time. People find it easier to have visual media other than involving themselves in reading which they perceive to be rather tasking. This factor has been encouraged by our institutions which also turn most materials, originally produced for reading, into visual media reducing the chances of one having to read the materials than watching it, which is much easier and less involving. With all the above ,a more worrying trend is the teaching methods and skills passed to the students at school . Current education curriculum focuses more on passing particular test rather than developing students reading culture. The effect is that the students are more interested in passing tests and would want to use other methods to enable them pass the xams. The reading culture developed at the elementary level is eventually destroyed in these student and instead they get focused on other stuff and passing exams. The way students are taught takes, rather a passive line towards reading skills. In conclusion, reading skills among high school students ,is and has been on the decline due to three major factors; inaccessibility of reading material due to poverty, technological advancement in the visual media and social networks which provide a leeway to the students to evade reading and teaching skill which gives reading skills an inactive approach.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Alembic Chemical Works Ltd Essay

The pharmaceutical companies have to do direct marketing by necessity as they cannot advertise ethical products in layman’s media for him, but are required to promote only to the medical profession. They produce fine visual aids and product literature which could either be sent as direct mailings to the medical profession or can be delivered to them through medical representatives. The Living Legends What does one say about Lata Mangeshkar? That she has dominated the Indian film music scene for almost four decades and promises to do so for atleast another decade? That she became a legend in her own life time? That here is a musical genius which comes about just once in many centuries? One could say all these things and yet be merely repeating what has been said a million times over. And yet there is so much more to one is capturing one more vital as poet which one did not realize had existed in her. Such is the quality of her singing. Very few of those who see her at the pinnacle of her success realise the amount of effort, hard work end deprivation that have gone into building the facade which is so enviable. Born In Induce on September 28, 1929. Late Mangeshkar is the eldest in family of four sister, and a brother, all of whom have made a name in the field of music. Daughter of the noted Marathi stage actor-singer Master Dinnanath Mangeshkar, Lata revealed her musical genius at the tender age of five. Her first guru wee her own father and she avidly followed his musical stage plays. Late’s mother Mai Mangeshkar ha, one vivid memory of Lata as a child. It would seen that the young Late, one day, was singing a song from one of her father’s. plays when she bumped against something. All rushed toward the unconscious child and tried to revive her. When she came to, however, Lata continued with the singing of the song as if nothing had happened. This dedication to music led to her debut on stage. However, her father’s productive shadow was not to last for long. On April 24, 1942 Master Dinanath passed away reportedly telling her â€Å"Except for the tanpura in the corner and these notebooks filled with classical music and songs and God’s blessings. I have nothing elseto give you. â€Å"The family’spenury compelled Lata to sign a contract with MasterVinayak’s Huna Pictures as an actress-singer. In the same year,1942, she made her debut as a playback singer with Vasant Joglekar’s Kia Hasool in Marathi under the baton of shripad Nevrekar .But taking up a career as a playback singer was still impossible. She continued with her acting career, acting in Pahili Mangeshgar (Marathi 42) Chimna Sansar (Marathi43) More Bal (Marathi 43) Gajadhan (Marathi 44) Badi Mao (Hindi 45) and Mandir (Hindi 48) With Mandir Lata seemed to have reached a dead end. Mandir was Master Vinayak’s last film, after which he passed away. She was no great shakes as an actress and her career in playback singing had not really taken off. Two Years earlier she had made her debut in Hindi playback singing with Vasant Joglekar’s Aap Ki Sewa Afein under the baton of composor Dutta Dawjekar but nothing much had happened. However, stars served more benevolent. Ghulam Haider, who was then acoring the music for Majboor and who had seen and heard lata in the early. Forties, signed her up to sing a song for the film. Within a week of singing this song. Lata became the talk of the music world and was signed up by three other musical giants. Khemchand Prakash for Mahal. The most important thing is to make the mundane promotion outstanding by creative ideas. Promotion of S.S. Oberoi came out with a set of 10 four-page folders for Alcephin based on the theme ‘The Living Legends.’ The folders are extremely well-executed – well-designed and printed. The graphics and typography and illustrations are appealing. The idea is outstanding. Ten living legends are chosen and include names like Satyajit Ray (since then deceased), Mother Teresa, Baba Ainte, Lata Mangeshkar, Sunil Gavaskar, R.K. Laxman, Abdul Kalain and Shivram Karanth. Each folder deals exclusively with one legend. The selection covers a wide cross-section of interests. Each folder is well-researched. It brings out the circumstances that inspired the magic in each of them. It becomes a collector’s series. The centre-spread has the manufacturer’s plug. A short write-up on the characteristics of Alcephin and the line ‘The Legend Among Antibiotics.’ It is not intrusive at all. Yet it is effective.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Sociology and Anthropology Essay Essay Example

Sociology and Anthropology Essay Essay Example Sociology and Anthropology Essay Essay Sociology and Anthropology Essay Essay A. The Science of Sociology and Anthropology Sociology is the scientific survey of human society and its beginnings. development. organisations. and institutions. ] It is a societal scientific discipline which uses assorted methods of empirical probe and critical analysis to develop a organic structure of cognition about human societal activity. constructions. and maps. A end for many sociologists is to carry on research which may be applied straight to societal policy and public assistance. while others focus chiefly on polishing the theoretical apprehension of societal procedures. Capable affair ranges from the micro degree of single bureau and interaction to the macro degree of systems and the societal construction. The traditional focal points of sociology include societal stratification. societal category. civilization. race and ethnicity. gender and gender. societal mobility. faith. secularisation. jurisprudence. and aberrance. As all domains of human activity are affected by the interplay between societal construction and single bureau. sociology has bit by bit expanded its focal point to farther topics. such as wellness. medical. military and penal establishments. the Internet. environmental sociology. political economic system and the function of societal activity in the development of scientific cognition. Anthropology is the survey of worlds. yesteryear and nowadays. To understand the full expanse and complexness of civilizations across all of human history. anthropology draws and physiques upon cognition from the societal and biological scientific disciplines every bit good as the humanistic disciplines and physical scientific disciplines. A cardinal concern of anthropologists is the application of cognition to the solution of human jobs. Historically. anthropologists in the United States have been trained in one of four countries: sociocultural anthropology. biological/physical anthropology. archeology. and linguistics. Anthropologists frequently integrate the positions of several of these countries into their research. instruction. and professional lives. Sociology and anthropology are separate. but related. subdivisions of the societal scientific disciplines that study worlds and society. Once anthropology and sociology were similar in how they studied worlds. but in the early portion of the twentieth century. their methodological analysiss and focal points diverged. B. The Development of Sociology and Anthropology The history of Anthropology and Sociology is long and full of priceless penetrations into the human status. It provides a mirror that reaches deep into ourselves and explains why we do things that are sometimes contradictory to logic. and most frequently in confederation with social criterions. For these grounds. Anthropology and Sociology have remained extremely honored Fieldss of survey and go on to boom as a library of societal idea grows. August Comte was the first to coin the term â€Å"sociology† . He was non the first to make theories of sociology. but was the first to proclaim himself a sociologist. Comte was a functionalist who believed every facet of society served a intent. He is most celebrated for his thought of societal statics and kineticss. Social statics is the survey of societal order. whereas societal kineticss is the survey of societal alteration and advancement. Dividing the survey of sociology into these two classs created two different frames of mention from which sociology could be studied ( Collins and Makowsky 26 ) . The following important development in sociology came with Karl Marx. Marx was a conflict theoretician who believed that all facets of society could be explained as a battle between two or more opponent groups. There were three parts to Marx’s theory. First. there was his sociology which established the category system ( Collins and Makowsky 34 ) . This system included the capitalists. or businessperson. who owned the agencies of production and profited from working workers. or the labor ( Collins and Makowsky 40 ) . Following. Marx’s political relations explained that a category battle for power would be won by the group that best suits the germinating economic system ( Collins and Makowsky 36 ) . Since the lone manner for the capitalist to net income is by working the worker. and the worker can non gain on his ain because he does non have the agencies of production. capitalists could drive rewards lower and lower until the workers revolt ( Collins and Makowsky 41 ) . Finally. Marx speculated that this rebellion would happen because the worker would be deriving less from their work than what they put in. This was his social/political doctrine ( Collins and Makowsky 45 ) . At around the same clip in the field of Anthropology the prevailing school of idea was going the societal evolutionists. These theoreticians used Charles Darwin’s theory of development to explicate society ( Collins and Makowsky 85 ) . Herbert Spencer said that societies were similar beings in that they went from simple to complex and independent to interdependent. However. societies were non similar beings because they were non organized likewise or interconnected ( Collins and Makowsky 85-86 ) . Sir Edward Burnett Tylor was another societal evolutionist who believed that all civilizations were derived from a individual organic structure of information and that certain societies had less and others more ( McGee and Warms 27 ) . Lewis Henry Morgan perpetuated this thought by claiming that there were three types of societies: barbarian. barbaric. and civilised ( McGee and Warms 41 ) . The facets of the society that determined how evolved the civilization was along this graduated table were how people gained subsistence. the system of authorities. linguistic communication. household. faith. house life and architecture. and the type of ownership of belongings ( McGee and Warms 42 ) . The three phases could be defined along the lines of innovations and finds and the types of primary establishments ( McGee and Warms 46 ) . Some old ages after the societal evolutionists established their theories of Anthropology. Emile Durkheim made an impact on Sociology. Like Comte. he excessively was a functionalist. Durkheim created many theories. among them the most noteworthy being that of the map of offense and Social Facts. Durkheim believed that the map of offense was to unify members of society. Crime provides a rule behind which most members of society can stand behind and go united. The reverberations of offense besides teach the young person the norms and values of a society ( Collins and Makowsky 105 ) . Durkheim is besides commended for his theory of Social Facts. A Social Fact is determined by a society and is non true across all societies. whereas facts are true across all societies ( McGee and Warms 88 ) . Another sociologist who was working at the same clip as Emile Durkheim was Max Weber. Weber was a symbolic interactionalist who believed that all interactions in society represented a deeper feature of society. However. Weber was besides a Marxist who deemed category. power. and position the foundation of society ( Collins and Makowsky 120-121 ) . Weber spent much of his clip explicating the signifiers of authorities. He described two types of authorities: Patrimonialism and Bureaucracy. In Patrimonialism. places in authorities were awarded via traditional legitimacy. or birth-right ( Collins and Makowsky 126 ) . No particular accomplishments were needed to carry through occupation demands and there were by and large few to no regulations. In Bureaucracy. people were appointed or elected for places. This system used rational-legal legitimacy and contained a hierarchy. Bureaucracy required a great sum of specialisation and included many regulations and ordinances ( Collins and Makowsky 127 ) . Two other symbolic interactionalists who made important parts to sociology around this clip were Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead. Cooley developed the construct of the Looking-Glass ego. The rule had three dimensions. First. people look at themselves as they think others see them. Then. they look for judgements others may be doing about them. And eventually. they evaluate those judgements and adjust their behaviour consequently ( Collins and Makowsky 167 ) . Mead besides created a theoretical account of the ego. In Mead’s theory. the first phase we encounter is the â€Å"me† . This is a phase in which we anticipate stimulations and react with formulated responses. As we mature. we enter the â€Å"I† where we are now able to see the outlooks society has of us and we react with learned responses ( Collins and Makowsky 174 ) . After we are able to place ourselves as portion of a community. we adjust our actions to outdo suit the involvements of the community ( Collins and Makowsky 175 ) . A new school of Anthropology developed shortly after the theories of Cooley and Mead. The school was Historical Particularism and it drew upon the work of Franz Boas and Alfred L. Kroeber. Historical Particularism brought with it the thought that each society has a alone history based on different waies of development and hence. no society is inferior to the following ( McGee and Warms 130 ) . Boas believed that one must plunge oneself in a civilization in order to understand it and draw decisions. This was starkly different to the anthropologists before him who used comparative surveies to analyze other civilizations. Boas used ethnographic surveies to document civilizations that were about to be lost because of contact with the outside universe ( 131-132 ) . Kroeber was Boas’ pupil. nevertheless Kroeber took a different attack to anthropology. He did non believe that the single played a important function in the development of society. whereas Boas did ( McGee and Warms 133 ) . Kroeber’s major part to anthropological theory was his â€Å"Eighteen Professions. † These professions were 18 beliefs about societal development which Kroeber did non hold with. He believed that societal development began on an premise that society evolves like beings. and did non believe heory should include premises ( McGee and Warms 141 ) . Three every bit influential anthropologists of the same clip period were Bronislaw Malinowski. Alfred Reginald Radcliff-Brown. and Edward Everet Evans-Pritchard. All three belonged to the Structural Functionalist school of anthropology. Structural Functionalists sought to understand the implicit in construction of society. The most noteworthy Structural Functionalist was Malinowski. He studied the Kula trade in New Guinea with the Trobriand Islanders. Malinowski discovered that necklaces and watchbands being exchanged in this system were non merely gifts between folks. They were in fact making a relationship between the folks so that other goods. such as nutrient. could be traded freely because of the established bond between the two folks ( McGee and Warms 161 ) . Radcliffe-Brown is best known for his research on the relationship a kid holds with his or her mother’s brother. He hypothesized that the mother’s brother acts as a 2nd. or alternate. female parent to the kid whereas the male parent of the kid acts as a martinet. In add-on. the kid has entree to the mother’s brother’s nutrient and belongings if the female parent dies and the mother’s brother helps when the kid is ill or if the female parent is no longer capable of caring for the kid. This explains the positive relationship that the mother’s brother has with the kid. and the negative relationship a kid has with his or her male parent ( McGee and Warms 177 ) . Previous theoreticians such as Sigmund Freud had speculated that a negative relationship a boy had with his male parent was a consequence of green-eyed monster the boy felt because the male parent was holding sex with the female parent ( Collins and Makowsky 148 ) . The last of the Structural Functionalists was Evans-Pritchard. He developed the thought of a Segmentary Lineage System. This was a system by which people see themselves in relationship to each other depending on how closely related they are to each other. For illustration. even if an person is friends with person from another household. they will take the side of a member of their ain household before supporting the friend outside their lineage ( McGee and Warms 191 ) . During this clip. another school of anthropology was developing. This was the school of Culture and Personality. Culture and Personality was defined by three subjects: the relationships between civilization and human nature. civilization and single personality. and civilization and society typical socialisation. It was pioneered by two anthropologists ; Ruth Fulton Benedict and Margaret Mead ( McGee and Warms 206 ) . Benedict’s major part was the extremely influential construct of cultural relativism. Cultural relativism asserted that there are no superior or inferior civilizations. merely different civilizations. Benedict besides stressed that cultural constellation established the personality of its members. She was chiefly interested in civilization and human nature ( McGee and Warms 209 ) . Mead was chiefly concerned with civilization and the person. Her major part was a survey on Sexual activity and Disposition in Three Primitive Societies. Mead studied three folks: the Mundugumor. the Arapesh. and the Tchambuli. In the Mundugumor folk. both sexes were aggressive caput huntsmans. In the Arapesh folk. both work forces and adult females were soft and unagitated job convergent thinkers. In the Tchambuli folk. work forces were disposed to dish the dirt and provided fostering while adult females were dominant. Since all three of these systems were really different from the western. patriarchal manner of believing. they contributed significantly to the survey of anthropology ( McGee and Warms 222 ) . Another motion in anthropological idea began in this clip period. It was called Cultural Ecology and Neo-Evolutionary Thought. Pioneered by Julian Steward and George Peter Murdock and focused on how societies adapt to their environments as a measuring of development ( McGee and Warms 225 ) . When Boas made ethnographic surveies a criterion in anthropology. cross-cultural surveies had been abandoned. Murdock revived the pattern of cross-cultural surveies and created the Human Relations Area Files. This was a aggregation of my volumes documenting the organisation of assorted civilizations around the universe ( McGee and Warms 263 ) . Murdock besides contributed significantly to the survey of divorce. He hypothesized that a stable matrimony is more likely if one or more of three factors are in topographic point. First. a bride monetary value helped to procure a matrimony because there was no duty to refund the monetary value and hence matrimony was profitable. Second. arranged matrimony would stabilise a matrimony. The concluding factor that would guarantee the stableness of a matrimony was the crow. This is a state of affairs in which adult females are stolen and would non be returned because this is a mark of failing ( McGee and Warms 265-266 ) . Steward is responsible for the differentiation between civilization type and civilization nucleus. A society’s civilization type is how a civilization uses a specific engineering to work the environment. Culture nucleus histories for the characteristics of a civilization that play a function. Knowing both the civilization type and nucleus of a society can turn out utile when analyzing how the society aintains subsistence ( McGee and Warms 228 ) . Up until this point in history. few if any sociologists had touched upon race. Then. the rise of the black sociologist occurred in the signifier of W. E. B. DuBois. DuBois was a Marxist and saw inkinesss as the modern twenty-four hours labor. He believed it was segregation that kept black from obtaini ng occupations and in bend bad occupations led inkinesss to take down economic position. DuBois believed the lone manner to make alteration was through instruction. though he admitted that instruction was useless under segregation ( Collins and Makowsky 196 ) . DuBois besides suggested that inkinesss have a â€Å"double consciousness† . Blacks feel caught between two individualities: one black. and one American. These two individualities divert blacks’ attending from carry throughing either individuality to its fullest extent. It besides places undue mental emphasis on African-Americans to maintain exchanging individualities to fit their fortunes ( Farganis 180 ) . Several old ages subsequently. Erving Goffman. another symbolic interactionalist. contributed his theory of Dramaturgy. Goffman stated that each one of us has a â€Å"back stage† and a â€Å"front stage† . The â€Å"back stage† is who we truly are when we think we are non being judged. Goffman categorizes this as a accurate individuality. The â€Å"front stage† is the act we put on for the remainder of society to see. This is what Goffman labels a fancied individuality ( Farganis 360 ) . There are four stairss to pull offing a fabricated individuality. First. one must command the scene. Then. an single puts on a personal forepart. Following. one will play the portion they have created. And eventually. the single must pull off the audience ( Farganis 366-367 ) . Another influential sociologist was Michele Foucault. He belonged to the new motion of Contemporary European Thought under the umbrella of Post-Modernism. Foucault suggested that over clip. societies discourse. or presumed truths. have changed. For illustration. during the in-between ages. society at big made the premise that everything in the universe could be explained through faith. However. during the enlightenment. the discourse of western thought shifted to look towards scientific discipline for an reply to all phenomena ( Faganis 411 ) . In post-modernism. sociologists propose that there are no ultimate truths that scientific discipline. faith. or any other establishment can specify ( Farganis 413 ) . At the same clip. Claude Levi-Strauss is analyzing linguistic communication from an anthropological point of view. His major part to the field is through his disposition to near linguistics from a structuralist point of position. Levi-Strauss asserts that linguistic communication should be studied to detect the implicit in constructions that create societies. Previous theoretician such as Boas thought linguistic communication was of import to analyze because it showed how we categorize the universe ( McGee and Warms 335 ) . Around this clip. Sally Slocum is trying to execute a Feminist Critique. Female anthropologists and sociologist of the past had excessively frequently focused on the importance of work forces in society and glossed over the parts of adult females. Slocum pointed out that adult females are 2nd category citizens in most societies because of their association with nature which was seen as wild and hence unsafe. Work force were associated with civilization because they were the accountants of civilization. This created an image of work forces as being the more civilized of the two genders. Womans were aligned with nature because of their ability to bear kids and the work they normally did bring forthing. alternatively of killing as work forces frequently did ( McGee and Warms 419 ) . These anthropologists and sociologists of the yesteryear have provided current minds with a footing for farther research and geographic expedition. Today. Anthropology and Sociology are turning Fieldss of involvement across the universe. Thousands of anthropologists and sociologists bit off at life’s major inquiries every twenty-four hours. As the canon of literature grows. human existences grow closer and closer towards self-actualization.

Monday, October 21, 2019

Protestanism essays

Protestanism essays Throughout the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church continued to assert its primacy of position. The growth of the papacy had paralleled the growth of the church, but by the end of the Middle Ages challenges to papal authority from the rising power of monarchical states had resulted in a loss of papal temporal authority. An even greater threat to papal authority and church unity arose in the sixteenth century when the unity of medieval European Christendom was irretrievably shattered by the Reformation. Martin Luther was the catalyst that precipitated the new movement. His personal struggle for religious certainty led him, against his will, to question the medieval system of salvation and the very authority of the church. His chief opposition was Holy Roman Emperor Charles V who, due to multiple circumstances, was unable to impede Luthers movement. He opposed the Catholic doctrine of faith and good works for salvation, instead proposing a doctrine of salvation through faith. His publishing of the Ninety-Five Theses, which covered the abuse of indulgences, is often seen as the beginning of the Reformation movement. However, the movement was not only confined to Native reform movements in Switzerland found leadership in Ulrich Zwingli, who eventually sought an alliance with Luther and the German reformers, and especially in John Calvin, whose Institutes of the Christian Religion became the most influential summary of the new theology. On most important doctrines, Calvin was in agreement with Luther. Calvin differed from Luther in his belief in the concept of predestination, derived from his belief in Gods supreme authority. This concept became the central focus of succeeding One of the more radical Reformation groups, the Anabaptists, set themselves against other Protestants as well as against Rome, rejecting such long-established practices as infant ...

Sunday, October 20, 2019

A Training Camp for Aspiring Book Authors

A Training Camp for Aspiring Book Authors A Training Camp for Aspiring Book Authors A Training Camp for Aspiring Book Authors By Daniel Scocco I met Jonathan Fields last year. We were both speaking at the Blog World 2010 conference, and he also attended a small meetup I had organized for online entrepreneurs. During that meetup I was quite impressed with his business and marketing ideas, so I started following his work. Last week he sent me an email saying hes about to launch a training camp for aspiring book authors, and I figured it could be the right program for some of our readers, especially because I know his success stories. Jonathan is a serial entrepreneur and marketing consultant, and a couple of years ago he decided to write a book. He figured that the traditional book publishing model was broken, though, so he went on to develop new strategies to promote his. By leveraging the Internet and his innovate marketing methods he managed to reach a #1 Amazon rank for his category, keeping it for over one month after his book launch. If you want to check it out for yourself heres the Amazon link to his boo, called Career Renegade. He also got featured on many mainstream publications, include The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, USA Today and NewsWeek. The program hes launching is called Tribal Author Camp, and it runs from August 1st until September 29th. During the first 3 weeks youll learn how to create an online presence, which will be the foundation of your book launch. The following 6 weeks cover all the tactics and strategies you need to know to promote and sell your book. Heres the structure: Weeks 1 3: Digital Author Platform 80/20 your online platform-building efforts to get the biggest return for your efforts Choose your tribal home base and core evangelist channels Mine social media to make your book more buzzable WHILE you’re still writing it Choose between WordPress, Typepad, Blogger, Posterous, Tumblr, Flickr, Twitter, Facebook, forums, podcasts, webcasts, teleseminars, and more Understand the pros and cons between email lists, RSS, followers, fans and friends Learn the unwritten rules of online social communities; break ‘em and you’re dead in the water Weeks 4 6: Building Pre-Launch Buzz Conditioning the market – how to build interest months in advance Developing your pre-order campaign to drive advanced amazon sales, brick mortar pick-up and early buzz Finding and recruiting high-likelihood amazon reviewers Creating your advance copy reviewer list – what metrics guide this critical task How to get big name people to blurb your book – who to ask, who never to ask and why How to integrate traditional PR into the mix (working long and short-lead media and how much not to spend) Creating time-bomb flagship/viral content to drive advance buzz/pre-orders Laying the foundation for mass-exposure blog-coverage and engaging blogger reviews and interviews Weeks 7 8: Launch and Building Critical Mass Compressing coverage into your Critical Window, so that the marketing energy begins to feed on itself and get the world talking and buying books Driving the digital media blitz – coordinating social media mentions, reviews, interviews and emails. What to work like crazy to accomplish and what to avoid like the plague The pros and cons of contests, live streaming launch promotions and the critical mistakes to avoid Creating evangelist contests – what do do, who to include and what never to do Repositioning your book as an irresistible â€Å"key to the castle† buy – how to stack an irresistible offer around your book to sell way more books and build your list a lot faster Limited-time bulk sales launch offers and bundles – do they really work? Week 9: Sustained Growth Getting hyper-creative and keeping your momentum alive Bundling speaking and bulk book orders for maximum sales effect Weekly strategies to fuel ongoing sales and continued buzz Piggybacking major monthly news stories Partnering with organizations causes Negotiating bulk and specialty sales going forward, how to tap the corporate premium market As you can see its quite comprehensive. As I mentioned above the training camp starts on August 1st (i.e., this Friday), so click here to check the official website if you are interested. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should Know44 Resume Writing Tips50+ Words That Describe Animals (Including Humans)

Saturday, October 19, 2019

An Urban Renewal Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

An Urban Renewal Project - Research Paper Example These steps are taken in order to use privately-owned property for development projects such as urban renewal project (Grogon and Proscio, 2001). The process of urban renewal is seen in both positive and negative ways by various people. To most of people, it acts as a symbol of economic development and positive reforms and for some it acts as a means of establishing control. It is a good way of recreating communities that exist and make them seem better but at the cost of demolishing certain neighborhoods. However, with the passage of time a change has occurred in the way people think about urban renewal projects which is seen now as more oriented toward investment and renovation and less toward destruction (Jones, 2004). The paper will highlight the local project at Los Angeles that had been named as Bunker Hill project and will discuss the circumstances that led to this decision of accomplishing an urban renewal project in Los Angeles. The role of power elite, pluralism, mobility, economic competition and government regime has also been discussed in the paper throughout. Bunker Hill is the Los Angeles’ oldest plan of redevelopment that spreads over the area of 133 acres. The project adopted in 1959 by the city council of Los Angeles got transformed into a project of area redevelopment in 1968. The project area considered to be bounded by Hill Street (east), First Street (north), Fifth Street (south) and Harbour Freeway (west) (Dawson, 2008). The area had been relocated to include twenty-five developmental sites of large mass. The developmental plan also included the construction of a new street system in order to control the steepness of hill and to connect the steep area with nearby flatlands. The four sites out of the twenty-five major developmental sites were under the ownership of CRA/LA whereas two were owned by County. The project of Bunker Hill had been the result of continuous struggle against the lawsuits by City Council that won its case in f avor of urban renewal project in 1964. The funds raised for the completion of project were initially $33 million and few complaints were submitted against the plan. However, in 1968 the project was renamed as Bunker Hill Redevelopment project which previously was known as urban renewal project (Fante, 2002). It is worth-mentioning that the area had been remained unattended for the period from 1800’s to 1920’ due to the lack of water system and other services that had not reached that place at the time. The Bunker Hill due to the steep topography had been the difficult project to accomplish and it was the necessary to reconstruct it in order to provide room for neighborhoods that were becoming overcrowded (Fante, 2002). The Great Depression had also contributed in the negligence of this hilly area in terms of renovating the site. Therefore, in 1940’s it was almost impossible to think of reconstructing the area and investing a lot of money in doing so at the time when the country was facing economic crisis and crime acts at the peak. In the past the site had been the place of Victorian mansions which now became urban decay. Extensive surveys and researches were conducted to measure the physical, economic and social impacts. The results of the surveys identified the

Friday, October 18, 2019

Firearms forensic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Firearms forensic - Essay Example Evidence can come from diverse sources such as from genetic material or trace chemicals to dental history or fingerprints. Evidence can serve many functions in any investigation, such as to trace an illicit substance, to identify remains or to reconstruct a crime. NIJ funds research and development to improve how law enforcement gathers and uses evidence. It supports the enhancement and creation of tools and techniques to identify, collect, analyze, interpret and preserve evidence Following the partial police reports and crime scene sketches, I will adopt Crime scene forensic examination. This is because crime scene examination often document the crime scene. The investigators take photographs and physical measurements of the scene, identify and collect forensic evidence which in the sketches have been identified, and maintain the proper chain of custody of that evidence. Crime scene investigators collect evidence such as fingerprints, footprints, tire tracks, blood and other body fluids, hairs, fibers and fire debris. For instance form the sketches I Identified the victims and the positions of bod parts, the clothing, the jewelers, gold colored rings and pool of blood. Another reason as to why I will use crime scene forensic examination is because NIJ funds it to improve on blood identification and other  body fluids at the scene. The forensic team also has a responsibility of protecting crime scenes, preserving physical evidence and collecting and submitt ing the evidence for scientific examination. I think NIBIN would be useful in this case. This is because NIBIN Program applies the Integrated Ballistics Identification System to compare and contrast the images of ballistic evidence that are obtained from the crime scenes and the recovered firearms. NIBIN will assist because as new images will be being entered, the system will be searching the

Free movement of person in EU law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Free movement of person in EU law - Essay Example The European Union headquarters is in Brussels, Belgium. European Union law is the unique legal system which operates alongside the laws of Member States and overrides national law in many areas especially in terms of economic and social policy . EU is not a federal government, nor it is intergovernmental organization. The European Union (EU) was established in 1993 by the 12 nations of the European Community. The EU works toward better political and economic integration and cooperation between member nations. Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined the EU in 1994 (Encarta,2003). The European Union was formally established on November 1, 1993. It is the most recent in a series of European cooperative organizations that originated with the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) of 1951, which became the European Community (EC) in 1967. The members of the EC were Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and Spain. In 1991 the governments of the 12 member states signed the Treaty on European Union (commonly called the Maastricht Treaty), which was then ratified by the national legislatures of all the member countries. The Maastricht Treaty transformed the EC into the EU. In 1994 Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined the EU, bringing the total membership to 15 nations, (Encarta,2003). The EU has a number ... With the exception of EMU, which went into effect in 1999, progress toward these goals has been erratic. The EU's ability to achieve its goals has been limited by disagreements among member states, external political and economic problems, and pressure for membership from the new democracies of Eastern Europe,(Encarta,2003).. EU Law is composed of three pillar structure based on different treaty namely: 1. Treaty of the European Communities signed in Rome 1957 deals with the law concerning social rights and economic foundations of the single market. It is considered as the oldest and the most important pillars where European Community (EC) law originated. 2. Treaty of European Union (The Maastricht Treaty,1992) which involve Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and; 3. Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters (formerly 'Justice and Home Affairs') That European Community (EC) Law represents the firts pillar of EU Law. Community Law is the law of the member states of the European Union (EU), as adopted by the Union's Council of Ministers. The European Court of Justice interprets and applies EU law. Community law forms part of the law of states and prevails over national law (Encarta, 2003). In July 1967 the three organizations (the EEC, the ECSC, and Euratom) fully merged as the European Community (EC). The basic economic features of the EEC treaty were gradually implemented, and in 1968 all tariffs between member states were eliminated. No progress was made on enlargement of the EC or on any other new proposals, however, until after De Gaulle resigned as president of France in May 1969. The next French president, Georges Pompidou, was more open to new

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Benefits of Video Games Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Benefits of Video Games - Research Paper Example Most institutions have installed computer laboratories to help their students to catch with the technology demanded by the contemporary job environment. Along this technology stands the gaming technology that continues to evolve and to become the favourite of many young students. In the invention of new video gaming technology, it was a mere source of entertainment that people could indulge to spend their luxury time. However, research has revealed that the value of video games in the life of learners has been ignored as these games can have both positive and negative impacts in their learning. Research points out that there is need for reconsideration of the application of video games in the life of learners both in their homes and in the school environment. Understanding the impact of video games on the learners learning will help to develop a strategy on which the negative effects can be eliminated and the positive can be optimized. Specifically, it will be possible to incorporate this technology in the learning environment and enhance the learners’ abilities. In this light, there is need to investigate the best approach to integrate computer aided video games in the curriculum. Video games have both physical and psychological impacts on the life of individual and this may affect their learning behaviour. Obradovic (2002) identifies that video games have had negative impacts on learners owing to the addictive behaviours that comes along their usage. As entertainment tools, video games are attractive and are addictive to their users statistics indicate that over 92% of children aged between 4 and 17 years have access to computer games and are likely to be addicts of playing these games. Addiction is the source of the negative impacts of the learning needs of the students. First, addiction comes about when a student spends

Persuation(Austen) vs Silas Marner(Eliot) Essay

Persuation(Austen) vs Silas Marner(Eliot) - Essay Example They showed through their characters what women of that time could accomplish if they refused to believe that their femininity was a barrier. According to Eliot marriage meant being "absorbed into the life of another, and only [being] known in a certain circle as a wife and a mother" (George Eliot) whereas Austen almost unquestioningly accepted it. Eliots writings were not about a polite society, but by writing about abusive relationships, went beyond it. (Melanie Shelton). These two authors do not belong to the "silly lady novelists" (Eliot) category, which George Eliot has referred to in one of her writings. Austen portrays the daily lives of her characters that are mainly upper-middle-class men in England of early nineteenth century. She focuses on themes that never die, such as marriage, social pressure, and the generation gap (N. Zeynep Yelce) Anne Elliot, the heroine in Persuasion, suffers the consequences of a decision she had to take years ago to severe relations with a man she loved. Her family had forced this decision upon her. The thoughts of Lady Russell in this context "Anne Elliot, with all her claims of birth, beauty and mind, to throw herself away at nineteen; involve herself at nineteen with a young man, who had nothing but himself to recommend him, and no hopes of attaining affluence, but in the chances of a most uncertain profession, and no connexions, to secure even his farther rise in that profession; would be indeed a throwing away which she grieved to think of." (Austen Jane) aptly describes the kind of advice Anne got from her family. Austen while putting forth the causes and consequences of this action gives an incisive account of the narrow-mindedness of the British class system. Silas Marner portrays a realistic portrait of life in a traditional English village of the 19th century where kindness and cooperation take precedence over petty differences. It centres on Silas Marner, a weaver living in the

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Benefits of Video Games Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Benefits of Video Games - Research Paper Example Most institutions have installed computer laboratories to help their students to catch with the technology demanded by the contemporary job environment. Along this technology stands the gaming technology that continues to evolve and to become the favourite of many young students. In the invention of new video gaming technology, it was a mere source of entertainment that people could indulge to spend their luxury time. However, research has revealed that the value of video games in the life of learners has been ignored as these games can have both positive and negative impacts in their learning. Research points out that there is need for reconsideration of the application of video games in the life of learners both in their homes and in the school environment. Understanding the impact of video games on the learners learning will help to develop a strategy on which the negative effects can be eliminated and the positive can be optimized. Specifically, it will be possible to incorporate this technology in the learning environment and enhance the learners’ abilities. In this light, there is need to investigate the best approach to integrate computer aided video games in the curriculum. Video games have both physical and psychological impacts on the life of individual and this may affect their learning behaviour. Obradovic (2002) identifies that video games have had negative impacts on learners owing to the addictive behaviours that comes along their usage. As entertainment tools, video games are attractive and are addictive to their users statistics indicate that over 92% of children aged between 4 and 17 years have access to computer games and are likely to be addicts of playing these games. Addiction is the source of the negative impacts of the learning needs of the students. First, addiction comes about when a student spends

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Strategic Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Accounting - Assignment Example Quality costing should therefore be understood as the cost of not producing a product, which bears the above components that gauge a quality product or service (Thompson, 2010). The aspect of quality cost arises from the third era of quality where it emerges as a tool of quality assurance with its main goal being to avoid problems, by giving room to coordination of activities. Quality control as a technique of management accounting has been improved over time through the contribution of various scholars, who added in more knowledge and insight to quality control. Crosby initiated the aspect of quality testing through inspection, quality management, quality assurance and improvement (Kilger, 2002). Deming on the other hand shared his contribution by introducing the aspect of companywide quality control, which was later revised by Juran through his total quality management technique (Nokes, 2000). Quality costs are mainly understood in four major groupings which are commonly referred t o as the four types of quality costs. Prevention costs is a type of quality control and is considered as generally the most effective way to manage quality costs and avoid defects of products and services (Sadler, 2003). Prevention costs hold on a projection that it is better to prevent a defect from occurring at the first place than to correct it when it has already occurred, as it tends to be more expensive. Prevention costs make use of control activities such as statistical process control, quality engineering and training, which reduce defects. Prevention cost as a type of quality control also takes in activities relating to quality control, which consists of people who meet to discuss and solve quality problems. Statistical quality control as an activity of quality control is used to detect whether a specific product or service is in or out of quality (Samset, 2010). Prevention costs therefore take in the perspective of all activities that are designed to prevent the initial po or quality of products and services (Commission for local governance, 2000). Appraisal costs are also referred to as inspection costs and are incurred by an organization with the aim of identifying defective products in the production process, to make sure that defective products are not shipped to customers. Appraisal costs have the purpose of inspecting the production process and ensuring defective products are identified and eliminated. Many organizations however look at appraisal costs as expensive and ineffective to customers (Cadez, 2008). Other than employing appraisal costs, many companies encourage customers to be increasingly responsible for their own quality control through designing products that allow simple manufacturing, which gives a chance for quality to be built into the products (Morden, 2012). Internal failure costs on the other hand refer to cots incurred internally when a particular product fails to conform to design specifications that had been identified init ially. Internal failure

Monday, October 14, 2019

Research on adolescent girls who attend different schools Essay Example for Free

Research on adolescent girls who attend different schools Essay The study consists of research on adolescent girls who attend four different schools. These researchers emphasis on social behavior would be reflected in both quantitative and qualitative measures. The research question ‘Is social experiences are central to the adolescent experience in girls. The hypothesis is social experiences are central to the adolescent experience in girls. The methods the study consists of are orientation session at school that day for the girls who participate in the study. Then they were told that via email to go to study’s website and complete the forms. The girls were given instructions to complete the activities questionnaire and the writing sample online. They are given till 8:00pm that night to complete the online forms after school. There were two measurements or instruments that were used in the study, Activity assessment online and writing sample online. The activity assessment online was revised of Passmore and French’s (1998)Lessure questionnaire/revised for their age group. Example from the article was leisure turned into activities less common modified to tell or describe their activities for that particular day (Feyberg, 2009). The activity assessment consisted of three domains, sense of accomplishment often through competition or a personal challenge (achievement activities). The second domain is those that are social in nature (social activities). Lastly, the third domain is that promotes relaxation and is often solitary (relaxation activities) (Feyberg, 2009). The participants were allowed to report up to ten activities for each domain. Then they had to tell the three they spent the most time doing, most enjoyed, most meaningful, and how much they engaged in the activity. Then they were to rate them from 1 to 5. This scale that was used is known as the five point Likert Scale from 1 is being less than 30 minutes and 5 being more than four hours (Feyberg, 2009). Then they were added up to a maximum points of 15 per domain. Participants reported their enjoyment of up to three achievement, social, relaxation activities on a 4 point Liker Scale from 1 (not enjoyable) and four (very enjoyable) for a maximum of 12 points per domain. The next one is degree of meaningful based points of Likert Scale 1 (not meaningful) and 4 (very meaningful). The last one is to choose if they are engaged in certain activities. They would mark 1 if they were engaged in it and 0 if they are not engaged in it for a maximum of three points (Feyberg, 2009). The second  activity is a writing assessment written online. Previous research proves that words use convey extensive information about social and emotional processes. The writing samples would provide meaningful information about personal experience and not to be captured by self- report scales. Writing examples is to be written on a website by the author for the study. They were to think about a personal experience that you participated and have a good recollection of (Feyberg, 2009). The written sample is was needed to be a descriptive of the experience include feelings and could write as much as they wanted. The written sample examines different in affiliation, achievement, or power themes. Each theme was composed of four subcategories and if the written sample contained at least one of them, it was awarded one point and if all three was in the sample then four points were awarded (Feyberg, 2009). The three themes were afflication, achievement, and narratives. Afflication consisted of four subcategories, positive effect, dialogue, commitments, and surrender of code. Achievement theme consisted of achievement imagery, anticipating success, world block, and negative feelings. Narratives theme consisted of general power imagery, increased prestige, lower prestige, and effect. Particapants consisted of 57 adolescent girls who attended four different schools. They ranged from ages 11 to 19 years of age and in grades from 6th to 12th. The girls age ranged from 12 girls; 11 to 13 (early adolescent), 22 girls; 14-16 (middle adolescent), 23; 17 to 19 (late adolescent). 49 describe themselves as white, 4 as African American, 2 as other, and 1 as Hispanic (Feyberg, 2009). The results were evualted by ANOVA. ANOVA showed significant differences for reported time, enjoyment, meaningfulness, and choice in achievement, social, and relaxation activities. Follow up contrast demonstrated spent more time in achievement then relaxation. The trend for spending more time in social then relaxation. No significant different in achievement and social. Employment results showed significant main effect found. Follow up reported greater enjoyment in relaxation then achievement. Reports show higher levels of enjoyment in social than in achievement. No significant differences in the amount of enjoyment reports for social and relaxation. Meaningfulness results show higher levels of achievement than social activities. No reports for meaningfulness for social and relaxation. Significance of social behavior in adolescent girls by the use of two  methods, self-reports, and narrative analysis. Recalling social behavior for adolescent girls, the two methods, which were diffe rent in their approaches to understanding adolescent experiences. Although it was predicted that both methods would provide similar information about adolescent social experience. According to the narrative analysis demonstration that participated used more afflication themes than achievement or power theme. the strengths of the experiment was too asked to describe a personal experience, so researches could identify their narratives. The weakness is that they only test this on girls. The limitations of the study were that they examine one gender due to likelihood of an invalid across-group comparison.† Study demonstrated that quantities and qualitative methods were not significantly correlated with one another (Feyberg, 2009). One suggestion I could say would benefit is examine this same study on boys. Reference Freyberg, R. (2009). Quantitive and Qualitive Measures of Behavior in Adolescent Girls. Adolescene, 44(173),33-54.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

The History Of Education

The History Of Education Education is one of the most important aspects of society and benefits the individual and society as a whole. It benefits society through economical, political and cultural means. But what has to be assessed is whether the aim of education is to benefit each individual, whether it is to further the development and production in society, or whether it is to do both, but in a fair and equal manner without causing separations and problems within society. Modern day society is ever expanding and globalization, which Coatsworth says is where the movement of people, goods or ideas among countries and regions accelerates, increasing. This then results in the world requiring a global workplace of people working for TNCs (Trans-National Corporations) across multiple continents in order to create the biggest amount of profit and spread of goods. Whether globalization is a good thing is one question but what is central, is whether education needs to be transformed to prepare children for this e ver developing market. Arguably, there are many different purposes of education. The Functionalist view is that education unifies and stabilizes society, it benefits society as a whole and is based on a meritocratic system. Education contributes towards social cohesion through shared experiences and a common curriculum. The expansion of education, for Functionalists, is directly linked to the requirements of industrial production. Therefore, the essential purpose of education for Functionalism is to keep society going by creating workers and people who can benefit society economically. The Functionalist belief is that each individual childs achievement is based on how hard the individual works (meritocracy) and whether they want to achieve highly. This is a very positive view of education but unfortunately, Functionalism fails to notice any negatives within society and education. It fails to recognize any exterior or genetic factors that can affect a childs achievement within education such as poverty, gen der or ethnicity. Karl Marx would argue that the purpose of education is to reproduce inequality and social hierarchy (keep the rich, rich and the poor, poor). What Marx says is that children are being labelled in school according to their social class and then the education system makes sure they are kept in that class to produce low-skilled workers and manual labourers for means of production within society. The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil, and has reduced the family relation into a mere money relation (Marx, 1848). Making profit is more important to the capitalist society than the effective development and education of our future generations. One of the ways children could be kept in their social class within education is through language. Basil Bernstein said that humans use a restricted and elaborated language code depending on what social situation they find themselves in and with which types of people. The Restricted code is a simple understanding of language used with family and friends whilst the elaborated code is more abstract and complex and would be more commonly used within institutions. Bernsteins research found that working-class children had access to the restricted code whereas middle-class children had access to both the restricted and the elaborated code. It is the dominant use of the elaborated code within education though, that is disadvantaging working class children by affecting their understanding and ultimately resulting in lower achievement from them.(Bernstein, 1977). Marxism would argue that social class is based on the possession of means of production but in the modern day society class is based upon knowledge and wealth. Capitalism has created a society where knowledge creates wealth and power. Overall, the Marxist view would be that education is already preparing children for the global workplace by reproducing inequality and manual labourers who will be underpaid and mistreated in the workplace so that Trans-Na tional Corporations can make the biggest profits; whilst the middle class children shall become the management of the companies and the hierarchy shall be present in the global workplace as it was in school. Webers Interactionist theory examines how individuals and groups create patterns of behaviour which shape the systems. Beckers labelling theory explains how if a teacher labels a pupil negatively in school then a pupil will go on to fulfil that label. Labelling is an effect of the characteristics of a pupil on a teachers views of the student. If a child is labelled in school by a class teacher because they appear scruffy or lazy, this can be down to relative poverty in the home which could cause the child to be frequently tired and without the necessary resources to assist their learning. This can result in a teacher labelling a pupil as lazy, unenthusiastic or simply unwilling to learn, which then goes on to affect the childs achievement within school and possibly even later life. Labelling is potentially a major factor in working class children going on to perform manual labour jobs, making up the majority of a national and global workforce and remaining in their social class. Marx ism would maintain this is true and would state that this is the sole aim for the education system, to produce a global workforce that can benefit society economically. The world is in a transformation that means there is no longer a clear distinction between international and domestic, external and internal affairs (Rosenau, 1990). This statement by Rosenau explains how the world through modernisation is now merged into one global workplace. Globalisation has created a world where each individual country is now reliant upon one another for goods and services and so act not alone, but more as one. Globalisation has integrated rich, affluent, and educated classes, but has fractured working classes and marginalised the poor, who do not have the skills and economic clout to profit from open markets (Shalmali Guttal 2007). This statement from Guttal shows how Globalisation may be positive in terms of benefitting the rich and providing opportunities for the middle class but at the expense of the working class. Therefore if a student struggles academically and cannot go on to higher education, they should not suffer in todays society by not benefitting from the gains of globalisation. This is one way that Globalisation is creating inequality in society and if the education system was to prepare students for the global workplace then this would simply be reinforcing inequality in school. The purpose of education is to benefit the lives of all children in school not just to progress the lives of those children who have already been born into the middle and upper classes. Economic gain is not the vital target for the result of education. Globalisation enters the education sector on an ideological horse, and its effects on education and the production of knowledge are largely a product of that financially-driven, free-market ideology, not of a clear conception for improving education (Carnoy, 1999). Bowles Gintis explain how school relates to the workplace via the overt and the hidden curriculum. Orders are given by the teacher/boss to the student/worker to follow. The person in charge of the student/worker will have to give permission for the individual to use the toilet, when to go and return for fixed time breaks, will assign work tasks to the individual/group, give rewards for hard work, place emphasis on attitude towards tasks, give work to be done at home and discipline the students/workforce. Nearly every single thing a person will experience when they enter the workplace is imitated within the schooling system to prepare students for the global workplace. The restricted and elaborated language code explained by Bernstein not only puts working class children at a disadvantage in the schooling environment but also in the working environment and especially in the multi-national corporations of todays global workplace. If a working class child is underachieving in school because of the dominant elaborated language code used by teachers, then that student will not secure themselves a well-paid job in the management sector of TNCs because of their achievement academically and because of their dominant use of the restricted language code. In the global workplace, as well as in education, the elaborated language code is used. Therefore, the use of the elaborated language code in education and the global workplace is reproducing inequality by keeping the working class limited to the restricted code which results in them only gaining manual labour jobs and becoming the primary workforce of the global workplace. As a result of this, more emphasi s needs to be put on teaching children the elaborated language code in school before they reach the workplace, but in a gradual, subtle way so they can pick it up rather than being at a disadvantage right from the beginning of school. This is one major way that education needs to prepare students for the global workplace simply so that inequality is not being reproduced as a result of the schooling system. Bourdieus forms of capital can link to Bernsteins language codes in terms of class and social structure. Bourdieus says that a group or an individuals position in the social structure depends on three forms of capital: Economic, social and cultural. Economic capital is everything with a monetary value a person owns, social capital is what types of groups the individual may belong to and cultural capital is the way a person may have been cultured such as frequenting museums and art galleries as a child. These three forms of capital are something a child is either born into or not and as a result is crucial to the individuals position in the social structure as they grow up. It is also important to mention that economic capital can be converted into cultural and social capital by means of paying for a University degree from Kings College, London, and influencing the right to membership of an esteemed social group. A further form of capital that Bourdieu also explains is linguistic capi tal. If an individual is raised in a higher class family where the elaborated language code is used on a daily basis and the child even comes into contact with another language such as Greek or Latin, then that is going to raise their position in the social structure right from a young age (Bourdieu, 1986). Consequently, it is easy to see what role that child shall go on to take in terms of hierarchy in the global workplace and what role a child who has grown up without that form of capital will take. Harbison and Myers say that the role of education Unlocks the door to modernization. In terms of capitalism though, it is debatable whether modernization is a positive thing when it is reproducing inequality and reinforcing the class system. However, inequality is being reproduced not just now in a national sense, but a global sense where the poverty-stricken underclass are being exploited for cheap labor in third world countries by capitalist countries such as America. In conclusion, education is crucial to the development of society but not at the expense of the majority of individuals within that society. The rise of the global workplace through Globalization has created possibly more inequality and greed within the world and to prepare students for that in school would be ethically and morally wrong. It would be right to prepare students for the global workplace by dismissing social backgrounds, treating all equally and assisting those in more need. This could go on to reduce the gap in social class to create equal opportunities for all within the hierarchy of the global workplace. School already prepares students for the world of work in terms of its discipline and rules, and with the world becoming an ever increasingly multi-cultural place, schools are teaching children about other cultures. This therefore, is already preparing children for the global workplace. However, when there is so much inequality and exploitation in the global workplace , simply to enable cheap labour costs and higher profits, it is more important to focus on creating equality in the classroom and trying to make sure all children can achieve what they desire. Karl Marx- (1848), The Communist Manifesto. Margaret L. Andersen Howard F. Taylor, (2005) Sociology: understanding a diverse society. Fourth edition. Howard F. Taylor, (2007). Sociology: The Essentials. Cengage learning, P.425 S. Bowles H. Gintis, (1976). Schooling in Capitalist America. Basic Books Ltd. Shalmali Guttal, (2007). Development in Practice, vol 17, numbers 4-5. Taylor Francis Ltd. Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. Reproduced in Ball, S. (ed.) (2004) The RoutledgeFalmer reader in sociology of education. London: RoutledgeFalmer, pp.15-29. Bourdieu, P. and Passeron, J.-C. (1977). Reproduction in education, society and culture. London: Sage. Layard, R. Dunn, J. (2009). A Good Childhood; Searching for Values in a Competitive Age. London, Penguin. Paul Willis, (1977). Learning to Labour: how working class kids get working class jobs. Columbia University Press; Morningside edition. Bernstein, B., (1977). Class, codes and Control vol 3. London: Routledge. Bourdieu, P., (1986). The forms of capital. Reproduced in Ball, S. (ed.) (2004). The RoutledgeFalmer reader in sociology of education. London: RoutledgeFalmer, pp.15-29.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Thorstein Veblen: Short Bio & Economic Theories & Ideas Essay -- essay

Thorstein Bunde Veblen (1857-1929) was born in Cato, Wisconsin. He attended Carleton College, as well as the universities of John Hopkins, Yale, and Cornell. He taught political economy and economics from 1892 to 1918 at the University of Chicago, Stanford University, and the University of Misssouri. He retired in 1926 after working for seven years at New York City’s New School for Social Research. He was noted for his significant analysis of our economic system and, by Mark Blaug, for his mastery of the art of satire.# Veblen went against the modern economic beliefs of his day. He identified a problem in our society that most did not. He noticed that the industrialists increased production of goods by hiring engineers to improve efficiency. This, in turn, drove prices down and cut profits, so the industry captains cut production to save profits. Ideas like this were prevalent in most of his writings and economic theories. Society, to Veblen, could be described as a division of classes. The "leisure class" and the "industrious class", the former being described as a predator, parasitic and harmful to society, and the latter being the members who produce goods. This mostly came from his most famous work, The Theory of the Leisure Class, in which he coined the phrase "conspicuous consumption"...

Friday, October 11, 2019

For What Reasons Did the Coalition Government Abolish Police?

For what reasons did the Coalition Government abolish police authorities in 2012? What problems do you think are raised by the introduction of elected Police and Crime Commissioners? This essays objective is to take into consideration the rationale of the Coalition governments’ decision to replace police authorities with elected Police and Crime Commissioners (PCC). A critique and a background of the police authorities operations will be discussed and evaluated. A brief history of policing before police authorities were established will also be explored.Furthermore, the reasons why there was a radical reform to PCC’s will be debated and the problems that may arise. Policing has always been a challenging issue and it most likely will always be challenging. Sir Robert Peel’s first principle of policing stated: â€Å"The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder† (Cited in Theresa, M 2010). There has been an attempt to always c ling onto this. The only difference is how certain authorities or political groups approach it. In the nineteenth century, autonomy and power were located within boroughs, locally.After a few attempts to try to centralise the police force and a few police corruption scandals which occurred in the 1950s, it was finally the time for the government to produce a centralised, professionalised group of senior police officers. In 1964, under the Police Act, these smaller, more manageable forces were to be known as â€Å"police authorities†. Their role was to ‘‘secure the maintenance and of an adequate and efficient police force for their area’’. (Citied in Williams, C 2003). However, the police authorities are now being replaced by elected PCCs.The main purpose of this reform is to restore the drive for local policing priorities and the public by leading engagement with local policing partners. This will boost the empowerment of local communities in crimina l justice affairs. Beginning with a little history of how and why police authorities were introduced. Throughout the nineteenth century and well into the twentieth, police power was largely seen as a responsibility of local government, and police were controlled by the appropriate local institution.The policing were in the hands of the local government and the boroughs of England and Wales, by whom fiercely protected the police powers exercised by their elected watch committees. These powers were symbolic of the city's independence, and police forces were crucial exercisers of executive power locally, concerning poor relief, licensing laws, the regulation of the streets, and the imposition of morality on the community. The 1835 Municipal Corporations Act introduced democracy to the self-governing towns of England and Wales.The only compulsory statutory duty was to select a watch committee to run the police force. The self-governing towns can be described as self-confident, prosperou s and autonomous. . The committees had complete power over the activities and composition of their forces. (Citied in Brogden, M 1982). The government aimed at increasing centralisation within the police force but after a few attempts to intervene, they failed. The first attempt by the state to reduce the autonomy of the towns and cities came after the 1853 Select Committee on Police, which recommended extending compulsory police provision to all areas.The Home Office were under no doubt that, the most efficient way to run each force would be to put it ‘under the orders of Government. However, these recommendations from the Home Office had to be consulted with the opposition of the local government. In 1854 and 1856, the Home Office's attempts to pass police bills that limited the rights of boroughs to control their own police forces were defeated by the borough. The boroughs also had total autonomy and democratic control over operational decisions.The watch committees, meetin g weekly, had the power to hire and fire members of their forces and were prepared to exercise it. (Citied in Emsley, C 1996). Further action was done by the Labour representatives in the 1920s to gain centralisation. By 1939, Labour controlled 18 out of 83 county boroughs. The Home Office took increasing responsibility for producing a class of leaders for police forces, and thus intervened increasingly in matters of training, promotion and appointment. The Home Office also began to intervene more in the appointment of Chief Constables.The 1950s Whitehall introduced a policy of refusing to appoint any Chief Constable who had no experience in a different force: this was clearly designed to create a more nationally homogenous and professionalised group of senior police officers. Since the increased effort for involvement with the boroughs and watch committees, there was a growing demand of professionalism within the police. The boroughs had co-operated fully in modernising and homogen ising the police forces, through co-operative training and communication. Citied in Loveday, B 1994) Between 1919 and 1964, the state tried using ‘efficiency', ‘economy', and ‘national security' as reasons to centralise control, before successfully employing ‘corruption' to achieve this. The 1960 Royal Commission was actively steered by the Home Office along its own centralist agenda, resulting in the 1964 Police Act, subsuming city forces into counties. These were influenced by the nature of two policing scandals of the late 1950s, which gave the Home Office a convenient point of entry with which to attack the status quo. (Citied in (Ludtgarten, L 1986).Both scandals were cases of corruption within the boroughs, the Brighton Borough police force in 1957, where the chief constable and two officers were arrested and charged with a variety of corrupt practises, and in Labour- controlled Nottingham in 1958, where there was an investigation launched on Labour cou ncillors and succeeded to prove that two labour councillors and the Secretary of the District Labour Party had been bribed on a visit to East Germany. Events such as mentioned above involving corruption led to the boroughs finally losing their police powers completely.A royal commission on the police had been appointed in 1960 to review the constitutional position of the police throughout Great Britain, and in 1964, the Police Act was introduced. (Citied in Willams, C 2003). Returning to answering the question more directly now, the Police Act of 1946 mirrored the interests of greater efficiency and greater central control over policing. It allowed for the amalgamation of existing forces into more efficient units, merging them into a more manageable number of 43 forces in England and Wales.The watch committees were replaced with police authorities. This new system was characterized as â€Å"the tripartite structure† of police accountability. The tripartite system distributes responsibilities between the Home Office, the local police authority, and the chief constable of the force. (Citied in Williams, C 2003). This tripartite system provides accountability to Parliament through the Home Secretary (who has responsibility for policing policy including centrally setting key priorities that are formalised within a National Policing Plan).Police Authorities were composed of councillors (two-thirds) and magistrates (one-third) and their role was to ‘‘secure the maintenance and of an adequate and efficient police force for their area’’. (Citied in Williams, C 2003). To liberate this duty they were provided with a number of specific and statutory responsibilities which included appointing and dismissing its senior officers, making sure arrangements are in place to consult the local community about the policing of their area and heir priorities, publish an annual local policing plan and a best value performance plan, setting out the pol icing priorities, performance targets, and the allocation of resources, to publish a three-year strategy plan, which must be approved by the Home Secretary and monitor the performance of the force in delivering the policing plan. (Joyce, P 2011: 118, 127). Although there have been issues raised about police authorities and these concerns will be brought to the surface, it can also be argued that police authorities have constituently tried to provide â€Å"an efficient and effective† police force.This can be shown by all the legislation that has been introduced. The 1994 Police and Magistrates Act, Courts Act (PMCA) 1995, the Police Act 1996, and the Police Reform Act 2002, have all endorsed the tripartite arrangements and aimed to fundamentally ensure and provide an adequate, efficient and effective police force. ( Citied in Williams, C 2003). The introduction of the policing pledge in 2008 by the Labour party, although it has been scrapped by the Coalition government, aimed at restoring public faith and to ensure the services being provided locally were adequate.Promises such as providing monthly local crime rates, answering all non-emergency calls promptly, providing information to the community on their Neighbourhood Policing Team i. e. where they are based, how to contact them and how to work with them were stated on this document, to increase community engagement and involvement. (Citied in The Policing Pledge, 2008). There has been placed a great deal of importance on empowerment, localisation, decentralisation of power and community involvement. There has been many green and white papers published to support this.David Blunkett’s â€Å"Civil Renewal† Agenda (2003) and David Cameron’s â€Å"Big Society† Agenda (2010) has influenced trends towards â€Å"community engagement, confident and cooperation† within their respective policing reform programmes continues. The agendas extensively focus on the responsibility of the government and every citizen’s efforts to strengthen communities, to revitalise our democracy and to provide more power and opportunity into people’s hands and security for all. It is believed that the engagement of everyone is necessary to make that happen; the government alone cannot fix every problem.Furthermore, Sir Ronnie Flanagan conducted the report of â€Å"The Review of Policing† in 2008. Flanagan stated that involving local communities in political decision-making processes is crucial and delivering in partnerships, developing the workforce and improving performance at force levels. (Flanagan, 2008). As mentioned above, there were concerns regarding the police authorities. One of the main issues was that central control undermined local police affairs power and authority. In the early 1980’s, there were clashes between police authorities and chief constables relating to who would have the final say in particular activity.The reliance of t he Home Office by chief constables tended to increase the power of the central government over local police arrangements. In addition, the introduction of the 1994 Police and Magistrates Courts Act enabled the Home Secretary to determine and set national objectives or priorties. This task was previously done by chief constables. Furthermore, the police areas would be assessed on their attainment by comparing to a set of performance targets. Empowerment, localisation, and decentralisation are clearly not desired. ( Citied in Williams, C 2003).Additionally, the situation continued to be aggravating as further developments such as the targets imposed by central government were extended and became the key tool of performance management. Police forces had to deliver on activities, which were determined centrally. Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in 1998 to promote clarity in service delivery, again centrally. This target regime led to the bulk of police work focusing on a chieving the targets imposed on them, this made it impossible to concentrate on local concerns. This again suggests the central power undermining powers and authority locally.Also, it was suggested that centrally determined targets â€Å"tend to distort priorties, tempting officers into using their tine in unproductive ways into directly fiddling performance figures† (Loveday and Reid, 2003: 19). Similarly, they created a â€Å"counting culture† within the police service whereby â€Å"only what got measured got done† (Loveday and Reid, 2003: 22). Additional research was undertaken in 2003 investigating the role of police authorities in public engagement. Participants that were interviewed saw police authorities’ independence from the police force as very important.This was because of the risk of corruption or abuse of power. â€Å"If it was 100 per cent fully independent, then I think that would make a lot of difference to people, and I think they would feel a lot happier knowing that it was being†¦kept an eye on. † (Home Office 2003: 19). However, many participants thought that police authorities did not appear to be independent enough, and this could undermine the community’s confidence and trust in them. There was a feeling in many groups that the number of independent members should increase or even that authorities should be composed completely of independent members.There were worries that the independent members might not have a fair say, as councillors and magistrates have an overall majority on the authority. (Citied in Home Office, 2003). â€Å"â€Å"You’re paying†¦.. it’s your community, you live there, so you should have a say in how it’s policed. † (Home Office 2003: 17). The community does seem to desire to get involved in the decision making, however when asked who made decisions about spending and who was responsible for the monitoring of police performance, there was very little spontaneous mention of police authorities. (Citied in Home Office, 2003).These findings suggest that police authorities are not adequate or efficient enough, people living in the communities have very little knowledge of police authorities and the question is why? More should be done to advertise and involve the community in the decision making process of what happens in their communities. Their involvement would increase the confidence in the police and create a more coherent community. Conversely, as the Coalition government scrapped the policing pledge, they also disposed police authorities in 2o12 and replaced them with elected police and crime commissioners (PCC).The Coalition government strongly believed that it was vital to replace bureaucratic accountability from central government to democratic accountability to the public. PCCs will make forces truly accountable to the communities they serve, ensuring that resources are properly targeted to where they are n eeded and giving the public a greater say in measures to reduce crime and improve community safety. The main aim of PCC was to â€Å"put power directly in the hands of the public†. (Home Affairs Committee, 2o1o:10). The key powers of PCCs are to set the police force budget and to hire and fire chief constables. Citied in Home Affairs Committee, 2010). The Elected PCC’s have overcome issues that the police authorities did not: the community involvement, empowerment and local governance is greater. The community elects their own PCC’s locally and it represents the drive for local policing priorities and the public by leading engagement with local policing partners. This new approach to policing is boosting the empowerment of local communities in criminal justice affairs. They will hold the elected chief constable to account; making sure that policing is responsive to the communities’ needs.There is an increased democratic accountability. (Citied in Home Aff airs Committee, 2010). However, this new reform also faces a few critiques. Lord Blair referred to this proposal as â€Å"the most lamentable provision about policing I have ever encountered† (Blair, 2011). Firstly, the PCC will replace the 17 or 19 members who currently represent a police authority. It is impossible to imagine how one person can adequately represent the diverse demands of the vast range of communities found in the areas covered by police forces, whether they are heavily populated urban ones or cover geographically large rural areas. Joyce, P 2011). As the policing needs and concerns of neighbourhoods are usually vastly different and are often in direct competition for finite police resources, it is a concern that a PCC will seek to direct policing to address the localised, sectionalised or political interests of those who elected him or her into office thus serving to politicise policing and opening the door to the possibility of corruption. (Joyce, P 2011). Before the 1964 Police Act, there were claims and investigations into policing corruption scandals: the Borough police force in 1957 and in Nottingham in 1958. Citied in Willams, C 2003). Its due to these concerns about policing corruption, the police force became centralised. This is a major concern and strict safeguards and monitoring will have to be established to avoid it from happening again. Secondly, there is the question as to whether this reform was needed. It is fair to suggest that it is intensely politicized and a populist measure. Valid criticisms can be made concerning the operations of police authorities, however this did not mean they were performing a poor job and providing a poor police service.Party politics were not injected onto the agenda. In fact, there was a good working relationship between the police authorities and the chief constables in many areas and the communities and local policing benefited from this. (Joyce, P 2011). Ian Loader (2008) stated that the â€Å"government is urged to take another ride on the law and order merry-go-round, to issue a fresh batch of crowd-pleasing-measures that can appease its apparently angry and anxious consumers†. Many will harmonize with this.The government is in need of public support, confidence and trust and the best way to get the local communities or â€Å"customers† support is to respond to our demands. As was mentioned above, the community would like more opportunities to get involved in the way their communities are being policed and the new reform of elected PCC’s can be perceived as a crowd-pleasing-measure. (Citied in Loader, I 2008). Garland again has famously said that the policy-making has become profoundly politicized and populist.Policy measures are constructed in ways that value public opinion over the views of experts and the evidence of research. â€Å"The dominant voice of crime policy is no longer the expert or even the practitioner but that of the long -suffering, ill served people- especially the victim and the fearful, anxious members of the public†. (Stated in The Culture of Control, 2001). Furthermore, a range of views were put forward on the role of PCCs from the consultation feedback and it was not all positive.Concerns have been expressed that a PCC, as a single individual, may not be effective across a whole force area and find it difficult to engage with communities sufficiently. Moreover, there was concerns received about the checks and balances proposed in the consultation. Some members believed that the arrangements might prove overly bureaucratic or create confusing lines of accountability for chief constables and the public. Others felt that they were too weak, or sought more detail on how the Police and Crime Panels (PCPs) would provide a real challenge and scrutiny. Citied in Theresa, M 2010). Many also expressed concerns about the political nature of the role of the PCC and in particular the involvement of c andidates supported by the main political parties. They believe this would risk cutting across the operational decisions made by chief constables and other police officers, and this would most definitely inject party politics, whereby police authorities did not. Additionally, there needs to be appropriate and respectable safeguards to be put in place regarding to circumstances under which a PCC could dismiss or suspend a chief constable.These issues, if they were to ever occur, could create tension between PCCs and chief constables. The community will have a knock-on effect from this, as they would be the ones feeling the consequences. There would not be an adequate and efficient service provided to the community. That was the aim of PCCs and if it does not meet its own aims, it would fail dramatically. (Citied in Theresa, M 2010). It is fair to say police authorities and PCCs have issues to be concerned about but also have positive points.Police authorities and the 1964 Police Act did structure the police force and it did aim at providing â€Å"an efficient and effective† police force. This is consistently shown by the constant need to improve and advance the services being provided to the public . The 1994 Police and Magistrates Act, Courts Act (PMCA) 1995, the Police Act 1996, and the Police Reform Act 2002, the Policing Pledge 2008, have all endorsed the tripartite arrangements and aimed to fundamentally ensure and provide an adequate, efficient and effective police force.However, the demand for empowerment, localisation, decentralisation of power and community involvement perpetually grew stronger too and the police authorities did set priorities and standards nationally, and not locally. Research was undertaken in 2003 investigating the role of police authorities in public engagement. participants that were interviewed saw police authorities’ independence from the police force as very important. This was because of the risk of corruption or abuse of power. You’re paying†¦.. it’s your community, you live there, so you should have a say in how it’s policed. (Home Office 2003: 17). The community does desire to get involved in the decision making, however the lack of knowledge of police authorities and how you can get involved or the lack of liberation of empowerment and localisation should be questioned. (Citied in Home Office, 2003). The Coalition government 2012 decided to introduce PCCs. The ain of this reform was to to democratic accountability to the public and to â€Å"put power directly in the hands of the public†. (Home Affairs Committee, 2o1o:10). In this case, the input from the public is greater and have greater local empowerment.However, PCC faces its problems too. It does face greater likelihood of policing corruption, a PCC, as a single individual, may not be effective across a whole force area and find it difficult to engage with communities sufficiently. 17 to 19 members a re being replaced by one PCC. It is impossible imagine how one person can adequately represent the diverse demands of the vast range of communities and activities. In conclusion, the question still remains as to whether this reform was needed, the police authorities were not proving a poor service or doing a poor job.Garland (2001) would suggest that the policy-making has become profoundly politicized and populist. The introduction of PCC was just a populist measure. However, the local communities may benefit from the empowerment and local prioritisation and if they do, PCCs have succeeded their aims. References †¢Blair, L. (2011), ‘‘Speech in the House of Lords 27 April’’, HL Debs Session 2010-11, Vol 727, Col 137 †¢Blunkett, David (2003) ‘Civil Renewal: A New Agenda’ , London: Home Office †¢Brogden, M (1982), â€Å"The Police: Autonomy and Consent†, London: Academic Press. Emsley, C (1996), â€Å"The English Police: a P olitical and Social History†, Harlow: Longman. †¢Flanagan, Sir Ronnie (Feb 2008) The Review of Policing: Final Report. London: Home Office †¢Garland, D (2001), â€Å"The Culture of Control. † Oxford: Oxford University Press. †¢Home Affairs Committee, (2008). ‘‘Policing in the twenty-first century’’, Seventh Report, Session 2007/08, House of Commons Paper 364, TSO, London. †¢Joyce, P. (2011). Police reform: from police authorities to police and crime commissioners. Sage, London. †¢Loveday, B. (1994), â€Å"The Police and Magistrates Courts Act†.Policing 10(4), pp 221-233 †¢Lustgarten, L. (1986), â€Å"The Governance of the Police†, London: Sweet & Maxwell. †¢The Coalition Manifesto: â€Å"Our Programme for Government† (May 2010) †¢Theresa, M (2010). â€Å"Policing in the 21st Century: Reconnecting police and the people†. Home Office †¢Home Affairs Committee (2010), ‘à ¢â‚¬ËœPolicing: police and crime commissioners’’, Second Report, Sessions 2010/11, House of Commons Paper 511, TSO, London. Bibliography †¢David Cameron speech (19 July 2010) â€Å"Our Big Society Agenda†. London: Home Office Date accessed: 25 November 2012 http://www. conservatives. om/News/Speeches/2010/07/David_Cameron_Our_Big_Society_Agenda. aspx †¢Home Office (2003), â€Å"The role of police authorities in public engagement† Date Accessed: 3 December 2012 http://library. npia. police. uk/docs/hordsolr/rdsolr3703. pdf †¢Loader, I (2008). â€Å"The great victim of this get-tough hyperactivity is Labour†. The Guardian Date accessed: 28 November 2012 http://www. guardian. co. uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/19/justice. ukcrime †¢The Policing Pledge (2008). London: Home Office Date Accessed: 1 December 2012 http://www. met. police. uk/pledge/our_pledge_leaflet. pdf